Localized pain, fatigue, headache and muscle ache are the most prevalent adverse effects in patients with autoimmune and inflammatory rheumatic diseases following six COVID‑19 vaccines. pain at the injection site) to systemic symptoms (e.g. However, as vaccination programmes are being rolled out globally, many COVID-19 vaccine-related side-effects have been recently reported, ranging from mild local symptoms (e.g. Johnson & Johnson and AstraZeneca), elicit robust humoral responses and have shown safety in the majority of populations vaccinated. Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna) and adenovirus vector (i.e. The two most common COVID-19 vaccine platforms currently in use, including mRNA (i.e. As of 6 September 2021, 40♴% of the population worldwide have been given at least one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine, and 5♴5 billion doses have been administered globally. Currently, one of the most effective strategies for mitigating COVID-19 pandemic is global vaccination that can create an immune barrier among population to attenuate the speed and scope of SARS-CoV-2 transmission.

To date, treatments for COVID-19 are mainly targeted symptomatic treatment and supportive therapy. In addition, previous studies indicated that COVID-19 appears to be a risk factor for thrombosis through endothelial dysfunction, platelet activation and abnormal blood flow described by Virchow, and the same scenario has been found in patients with COVID-19 during pregnancy. Cytokine storm caused by SARS-CoV-2 is involved in the major mechanism by inducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, TNF-α and macrophage inflammatory proteins, ultimately leading to respiratory failure and death due to multi-organ failure. COVID-19 is characterized by a wide range of presentations, from asymptomatic or flulike illness causing fever, dry cough, fatigue, headache, loss of taste and smell to severe pneumonia, leading to an acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), with subsequent respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. As of 6 September 2021, there have been 4♵7 million confirmed deaths and 221 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 based on the COVID-19 Open Datasets by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering at Johns Hopkins University. vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopeniaĪt the end of 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first reported in Wuhan, China, triggered by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and has swiftly spread worldwide.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor 2.These reports could help guide clinical assessment and management of autoimmune manifestations after COVID-19 vaccination. In fact, we do not aim to disavow the overwhelming benefits of mass COVID-19 vaccination in preventing COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. Although information pertaining to the risk of autoimmune disease as a consequence of vaccination is controversial, we merely propose our current understanding of autoimmune manifestations associated with COVID-19 vaccine.

Here, we summarize the emerging evidence about autoimmune manifestations occurring in response to certain COVID-19 vaccines. However, whether the association between COVID-19 vaccine and autoimmune manifestations is coincidental or causal remains to be elucidated. Molecular mimicry, the production of particular autoantibodies and the role of certain vaccine adjuvants seem to be substantial contributors to autoimmune phenomena. immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia, autoimmune liver diseases, Guillain–Barré syndrome, IgA nephropathy, rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus). Recently, new-onset autoimmune phenomena after COVID-19 vaccination have been reported increasingly (e.g. Vaccination programmes are being rolled out globally, but most of these vaccines have been approved without extensive studies on their side-effects and efficacy. Vaccination is one of the most effective interventions to substantially reduce severe disease and death due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to an unprecedented setback for global economy and health.

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